APUSH: Chapter 25 Identifications & Short Essay Questions

1. Good Neighbor policy/Nye Committee/Neutrality Acts/St. Louis
1. Good Neighbor policy: This was established by Herbert Hoover to create good relations with Latin America. It took much of the American military out of these countries. It also nullified the Roosevelt Corollary. Agreed that no state has the right to intervene in the affairs of another
2. Nye Committee: The Nye Committee investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII.
3. Neutrality Acts: Congress made an effort to legislate the nation out of war. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent
4. St. Louis: ship of Jewish refugees forced to return to Germany because US officials refused to let them enter US lands. The people eventually died at the hands of the Nazi.

2. Election of 1940/Wendell Willkie/America First Committee
1. Election of 1940: candidates, issues: Roosevelt was nominated by the Democrats for a third term, and the Republicans nominated Wendell L. Willkie. The major issues were WWII and military spending. Roosevelt endorsed the nation’s 1st peacetime draft and advocated a military spending increase. Roosevelt won.
2. Wendell Willkie: dark-horse republican candidate who ran against president franklin roosevelt in 1941, in a race that produced Roosevelt’s narrowest victory
3. America First Committee: A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

3. Lend-lease/Atlantic Charter/Reuben James
1. Lend-lease: A law passed in March of 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress. This law said that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of the fighting, and keep the war overseas from the U.S. Thirty-five other nations besides Great Britain, USSR, France, and China received loans from the lend lease. By August 1945, the amount totaled $48 billion, of which the United States received $6 billion in repayment by these nations
2. Atlantic Charter: This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II.
3. Reuben James: American destroyers that was hit and sunk by Nazi submarines, killing many american sailors in the progress. members of congress then voted approval of a measure allowing the us to arms its merchant vessels and to sail all the way into belligerent ports

4. Tripartite (Axis) Pact/Hideki Tojo/Pearl Harbor
1. Tripartite (Axis) Pact: a 10 year military and economic alliance also known as the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis. Japan signed this alliance in September, 1940, with the previously allied Italy and Germany. Each of the signatories pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the U. S.
2. Hideki Tojo: Japanese leader during WWII. An extreme militarist, advocated total war. Became Army Chief of Staff in 1937. Led the Japanese army against Manchuria, and in 1940 made Minister of War. In 1941, appointed Prime Minister, and controlled government and military operations during WWII. Resigned 1944
3. Pearl Harbor: On the morning of December 7, 1941, scores of Japanese dive-bombers and torpedo planes flew across Oahu to bomb the ships that were anchored in Peal Harbor, and to strafe the planes parked side by side at nearby air bases. In less that 3 hours, over 300 aircraft were destroyed or damaged, and 8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, and 3 destroyers were sunk or crippled. Worst loss of U.S. arms in history.

5. War Powers Act/Joint Chiefs of Staff/Office of Strategic Services (OSS)/the Pentagon
1. War Powers Act: granting the president unprecedented authority over all aspects of the conduct of the war
2. Joint Chiefs of Staff: high-ranking military officers who represent the navy, army, air force and marines. they assist the civilian leaders of the department of defense-advise the president on security matters
3. Office of Strategic Services (OSS): FDR and the joint chief of staffs formed this, which served as an intelligence agency during WWII and was a predecessor of the CIA. it began on June 13,1942 to conduct espionage, gather intelligence information required for planning, and to analyze the enemy. discontinued by Truman in 1945.
4. the Pentagon: In 1942 those responsible for managing America’s growing war machine moved into the world’s largest building

6. War Production Board/War Manpower Commission/National War Labor Board
1. War Production Board: halted the manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars. It assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials. It imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing because, due to the Dutch East Indies ending their exports of natural rubber to the U.S., they wanted to conserve rubber. They also built fifty-one synthetic rubber plants
2. War Manpower Commission: (WMC): FDR established the War Manpower Commission in 1942 to help supervise the mobilization of males and females in the military, and the war industry, and also to study how profit can be gained through the production of weapons and supplies
3. National War Labor Board: Established in 1942, the War Labor Board was instituted to mediate disputes between management and labor, and sought to prevent strikes and out of control wage increases. The War Labor Board acted as the mediator to prevent massive strikes and wage increases that occurred with the demand for workers

7. Office of Price Administration/Office of War Mobilization
1. Office of Price Administration: FDR created this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII. This agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. the OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation
2. Office of War Mobilization: gradually, FDR transferred power from the war production board to this office located within the white house. It was directed by former Supreme Court justice and south carolina senator James F. Byrnes. It was only slightly more successful than the war production board.

8. Henry J. Kaiser/agribusiness/rationing/war bonds/Revenue Act of 1942
1. Henry J. Kaiser: Shipbuilder, was dubbed “Sir Lancelot” because his methods of ship assembly churned out one ship every 14 days!
2. Agribusiness: commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
3. Rationing: Done to curb inflation, As a result, the cost of living only rose by 8% during the last 2 years of the war
4. war bonds: the sale of bonds Provided half the money, curtailed inflation by decreasing consumer purchasing power, while giving civilians a sense of involvement in the distant war. bonds—“bullets in the bellies of Hitler’s hordes!”
5. Revenue Act of 1942: Because of the expenditure on the war, Roosevelt wanted to pay for as much as possible through taxes. Although Congress refused to grant him a progressive tax, in 1942, the Revenue Act raised the top income-tax rate from 60% to 90% and added middle class and lower income groups to the tax bracket as well

9. Office of Scientific Research and Development/ENIAC/Manhattan Project
1. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD): Formed in 1941 to contract out the development of new medicines and ordinances. It spent $1 billion dollars to produce sonar, radar devices, rockets, tanks, advanced jets, and the development of DDT and other pesticides
2. ENIAC: electronic numerical integration and calculator 1943, 30 tons, 1500 sq ft., 17,000+ vacuum tubes secret military project during WWII to calculate trajectory of artillery shells. solve a problem in 20 min that would have take a team of mathematicians three days to solve
3. Manhattan Project: code name for the U.S. effort during WWII to produce the atomic bomb. much of the early research was done in New York city by refugee physicists in the united states

10. Office of War Information
1. Roosevelt wanted public opinion to be positive during the war, and in 1941, he established the Office of Censorship. It examined all written documents, including works of publishers and broadcasters, as well as all letters going overseas, in order to maintain the positive public opinion in America

11. Operation Torch/Battle of the Atlantic/Operation Overlord/D-Day/Battle of the Bulge
1. Operation Torch: begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler’s orders to fight to the death
2. Battle of the Atlantic: coined by Winston Churchill in 1941, is a partial misnomer for a campaign that began on the first day of the European war and lasted for six years, Germany’s naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. caused Britain and the us to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. after this battle, the allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war
3. Operation Overlord: the code name for the allied invasion of Europe at Normandy on June 6, 1944; also known as d-day.
4. D-Day: June 6, 1944 - led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. the turning point of WORLD WAR II
5. Battle of the Bulge: December, 1944-january, 1945 - after recapturing France, the allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the allied lines. the allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhineland with heavy losses

12. Battle of Midway/Chester Nimitz/Guadalcanal/island-hopping
1. Battle of Midway: U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. it marked a turning point in the pacific theater of world war ii
2. Chester Nimitz: united states admiral of the pacific fleet during world war ii who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966), became famous at battle of midway
3. Guadalcanal: in august 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the southwest pacific. after several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943
4. island-hopping: Curtis Lemay, the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the pacific ocean. the capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan

13. GIs/"Rosie the Riveter"/"Double V" campaign/CORE/A. Philip Randolph/Executive Order 8802
1. GIs: World War II veterans, derived from the term "government issues"
2. "Rosie the Riveter": a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in war factories during WORLD WAR II, many of whom worked in the manufacturing plants that produced munitions and materiel. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military. the character is considered a feminist icon in the US
3. "Double V" campaign: Campaign: "Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home”  black-americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy axis powers)
4. CORE: Congress of Racial Equality, a civil rights organization. they were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation. organize sit ins and demonstrations in segregated theaters and restaurants
5. A. Philip Randolph: black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII
6. Executive Order 8802: in 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. it established the fair employment practices commission to enforce the new policy.

14. Japanese-American internment
1. Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese

15. Big Three/Yalta/Potsdam/The Holocaust
1. Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin; leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan, and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe and settlement of Germany. after the war, their armies occupied Germany, each with a separate zone, although governed as a single economic unit.
2. Yalta: site of a meeting between the big three—Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill. hey agreed to wage war on Japan, to divide Germany into 4 equal parts, on the big 5's veto, and to hold free elections for the liberated countries
3. Potsdam: second peace conference after WWII
4. The Holocaust: the mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps

16. Iwo Jima/Okinawa/Enola Gay/Hiroshima & Nagasaki/atomic bomb
1. Iwo Jima: a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and march 1945)
2. Okinawa: site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; allies won
3. Enola Gay: the name of the American b-29 bomber, piloted by col. Paul Tibbets, jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.
4. Hiroshima & Nagasaki: atomic bomb dropped on these cites
5. atomic bomb: bomb that changed the world, ended WWII in Japan, created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and soviet union

Short Essay Questions 

  

2.      In what ways did FDR’s administration move the country toward war prior to December 1941?  Consider policies aimed at helping other countries resist Axis expansion and efforts to put the country on a war footing.

·         After Hitler and Mussolini ignored FDR’s message, he asked Congress to appropriate $$ for US defenses. When England and France declared war on Germany (Germany attacked Poland-dense alliance), US revised the Neutrality Acts and now could sell to belligerents (France and Britain) w/out joining war effort. After Battle of Britain, Churchill appealed to FDR for help, and with public support handed over 50 US destroyers for lease (Land-Lease Act). FDR gave Lend-Lease aid to Soviets and Britain. US started to directly convey supplies to Britain, track German submarines, and notify their location to Britain. By fall 1941 US and Germany at undeclared naval war. The Atlantic Charter in summer of 1941 had brought Churchill and FDR closer. As Japan came closer to the Germany and Italy, US ended trade with Japan. US refusal to trade led to Pearl Harbor. US declare war on Japan; and Germany and Italy declare war on US.

3.      How did America mobilize for war in World War II?  Consider government organizations, major economic and social trends, and the role of technological innovation. 

·         To mobilize the home front, FDR created by Joint Chiefs of Staff and Office of Strategic Services (OSS, would later become CIA). To mobilize the economy, FDR created hundreds of wartime agencies.  The War Production Board allocated scare materials, limited manufacture of luxury goods, and awarded military production contracts. This caused increase in federal and military power and caused a boom in the economy. The Office of Price Administration imposed price controls and rationing. To raise funds for the war, the government sold war bonds which provided half the money and steeply increased federal taxes provided the rest (Revenue Act of 1942). The government also employed thousands of scientists to create weapons. The Manhattan project produced the atomic bomb.  Office of War Information and the Office of Censorship worked to create propaganda against Hitler and maintain positive views of the war. With the congressional election of 1942, more conservatives were elected to Congress cutting new deal programs and halting reform. Overall the role of government increased.