Identifications
1.
John F. Kennedy/Richard Nixon/Election of 1960
a.
John F. Kennedy: argued that the nation faces
serious threats from the soviets, televised charisma, democratic, catholic, he
was the youngest ever to be elected (not serving), had little experience in
politics compared to Nixon. powerful statements on how the movement to solve
the battle of civil rights and to promote equality to wait, and that the
president must be the leader and the sponsor of this movement
b.
Richard Nixon: countered that the US was on the
right track under the current administration, pale and nervous, republican, protestant
c.
Election of 1960: first to use TV debates , extremely close race, with JFK eventually
winning by only 84 electoral votes
2.
New Frontier/Robert McNamara/Robert Kennedy
a.
New Frontier: the campaign program advocated by
JFK in the 1960 election. he promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and
enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights, pushes
for a space program, plans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and
military
b.
Robert McNamara: the US secretary of defense
during the battles in Vietnam. he was the architect for the Vietnam war and
promptly resigned after the US lost badly. promoted "flexible
response" but came to doubt the wisdom of the Vietnam war he had presided
over
c.
Robert Kennedy: John Kennedy's brother who
served as attorney general and gradually embraced growing civil rights reform;
later, as senator from New York, he made a run for the democratic presidential
nomination. an assassin ended his campaign on June 6, 1968.
3.
Rachel Carson/Silent Spring/Clean Air Act
a.
Rachel Carson: United States biologist
remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to
wildlife (1907-1964). one of the first people to realize the global dangers of
pesticide abuse
b.
Silent Spring: written by Rachel Carson. a book
written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. launched the
environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization
development
c.
Clean Air Act: 1970- law that established
national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and
regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry
4.
Peace Corps/Laos/Bay of Pigs/Nikita
Khrushchev/Berlin Wall/Cuban Missile Crisis
a.
Peace Corps: volunteers who help third world
nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa,
Asia, and Latin America
b.
Laos: tiny, landlocked nation created by the
Geneva agreement in 1954, a civil war between American supported forces and
Pathet Lao rebels seemed (communist). Considering Laos strategically
insignificant, in July 1962 Kennedy agreed to a face-saving compromise that
restored a neutralist government but left communist forces dominant in
countryside. stiffened Kennedy’s resolve to not allow further communist gains
c.
Bay of Pigs: April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles
organized and supported by the U.S. CIA landed on the southern coast of Cuba in
an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. when the invasion ended in disaster, President
Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure
d.
Nikita Khrushchev: Stalin’s successor, wanted
peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference
with Khrushchev, France and Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to
discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved
e.
Berlin Wall: in 1961, the Soviet Union built a
high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees
out of the soviet zone of Germany. the wall was torn down in 1989
f.
Cuban Missile Crisis: an international crisis in
October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S.
and the USSR. when the U.S. discovered soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, JFK
demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the soviet
leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later
5.
Lyndon B. Johnson
a.
36th U.S. president. 1963-1969. Democratic
b.
Signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and
the voting rights act of 1965.
c.
had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an
attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic
opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to
needy families.
d.
also created a department of housing and urban
development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid
6.
War on Poverty/Economic Opportunity
Act/VISTA/Project Head Start/Great Society
a.
War on Poverty: Lyndon Johnson declared war on
poverty in his 1964 state of the union address. a new office of economic
opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the job
corps and head start
b.
Economic Opportunity Act: an economic legislation
that was part of the great society. included several social programs to promote
the health, education, and general welfare. created Job Corps, VISTA, Project
Head Start, and other programs to fight 'war on poverty of the poor
c.
VISTA: Volunteers in service to America;
antipoverty program, a domestic peace
corps
d.
Job Corps: program to train young people in
marketable skills
e.
Project Head Start: a U.S. federal program that
provides poverty-stricken children with a year or two of preschool along with
nutritional and health services and that encourages parent involvement in
program planning and children's learning
f.
Great Society: LBJ's policies of fighting
poverty and racial injustice. in 1965, congress passed many great society
measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to
education
7.
Election of 1964/Barry Goldwater
a.
Election of 1964: LBJ (democrat), who was
already in office, versus Goldwater (republican.). LBJ wins by a landslide
b.
Barry Goldwater: Arizona senator who voted
against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican, platform
included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing civil rights act of
1964, his extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson
8.
Eighty-Ninth Congress/Medicaid/Medicare/Elementary
and Secondary Education Act
a.
Eighty-Ninth Congress: "congress of
fulfillment". 1.) achieved the goals of the fair deal 2.) achieved the
goals of the new frontier 3.) introduced Medicare programs 4.) passed the
elementary and secondary education act 5.) legislated a housing and urban
development program 6.) ratified the highway beautification act, a pet project
of lady bird Johnson, the first lady 7.) installed the clean air and water
regulations acts 8.) ended the immigration quota system of the 1920s 9.) set
forth new city planning programs
b.
Medicaid: established in 1965 by LBJ medical
expense assistance provide by the state government to needy families
c.
Medicare: a program added to the social security
system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and
permits older Americans (65 years of age and older) to purchase inexpensive
coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses
d.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act: 1965 as
part of president Johnson’s great society initiative; steered federal funds to
improve local schools, particularly those attended primarily by low-income and
minority students
9.
Thurgood Marshall/Baker v. Carr/Miranda v.
Arizona
a.
Thurgood Marshall: American civil rights lawyer,
first black justice on the supreme court of the United States. marshal was a
tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor
b.
Baker v. Carr: case that established one man one
vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts
and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of
each state
c.
Miranda v. Arizona: Supreme Court held that
criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney
and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
10.
Freedom riders/SNCC/James Meredith
a.
Freedom riders: group of civil rights workers
who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus
segregation
b.
SNCC: (student non-violent coordinating
committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to
protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for
creating the sit-in movement
c.
James Meredith: united states civil rights
leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated
Mississippi, the result was forced government action, showing that segregation
was no longer government policy
11.
Bull Connor/George Wallace/March on
Washington/Civil Rights Act of 1964/EEOC
a.
Bull Connor: he was the chief of police of
Birmingham, Alabama during the civil rights movement. his use of excessive
force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the
issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation
b.
George Wallace: racist governor. of Alabama in
1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever");
runs for pres. in 1968 on American independent party ticket of racism and law
and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
c.
March on Washington: in august 1963, civil
rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of
President Kennedy’s civil rights bill. the high point came when MLK Jr., gave
his "I have a dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of
the Lincoln memorial
d.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: made racial,
religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government
the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation
of schools and public places
e.
EEOC : (equal employment opportunity commission)
enforces laws to prevent unfair treatment on the job due to sex, race, color,
religion, national origin, disability, or age
12.
Mississippi Freedom Summer Project/Voting Rights
Act of 1965/Twenty-Fourth Amendment
a.
Mississippi Freedom Summer Project: SNCC mobilized
more than 100 northern blacks and whites to conduct voter education classes and
a voter registration drive; resistance was fierce, but still the movement
persisted
b.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: 1965; invalidated the
use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to
register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks
became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs,
contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging
greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
c.
Twenty-Fourth Amendment: it outlawed taxing
voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an
effort to remove barriers to black voters
13.
Race riots/Kerner Commission/Black Power/Malcolm
X/Nation of Islam/Black Panthers
a.
Race riots: rioting in major us. cities due to
frustration of discrimination. in april 1968, MLK was assassinated, riots
spread to over 100 cities across the country
b.
Kerner Commission: nickname for the nation
advisory commission on civil disorders, which blames the riots on an
"explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and
police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal
spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public
housing, and end de facto school segregation in the north
c.
Black Power: a slogan used to reflect solidarity
and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. it meant that equality could not
be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized black community
d.
Malcolm X: 1952; renamed himself x to signify
the loss of his African heritage; converted to nation of Islam in jail in the
50s, became black Muslims’ most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his
beliefs were the basis of a lot of the black power movement built on
seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and
equality
e.
Nation of Islam: (NOI), the Black Muslim group
founded by Wallace Fard and led by Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole).
f.
Black Panthers: led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by whites. A
black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence
if needed. the organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement,
favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest
14. Cesar
Chavez/La Causa/chicanos
a.
Cesar Chavez: united states labor leader who
organized farm workers, help migratory farm workers gain better pay &
working conditions. Founded United Farm Worker (UFW)
b.
La Causa: literally "the cause" - farm
worker rights in general. equality, bathrooms, better working conditions,
health care, higher wage, water (not shared), breaks
15.
National Organization for Women (NOW)/Betty
Friedan/The Feminine Mystique/women’s lib
a.
National Organization for Women (NOW): founded
in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. now
also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights
amendment to the constitution
b.
Betty Friedan: 1921-2006. American feminist,
activist and writer. best known for starting the "second wave" of
feminism through the writing of her book "the feminine mystique"
c.
The Feminine Mystique: described the problems of
middle-class american women and the fact that women were being denied equality
with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities
d.
women’s lib: a movement by women in the late 60s
and 70s to gain more rights (birth control, abortion, equal pay, etc.) and
become more equal to men
16.
Ngo Dien Diem/Vietcong
a.
Ngo Dien Diem: first president of south Vietnam,
pro-western, fiercely anti-communist, had the support of Eisenhower, caused
tensions between north and south to intensify
b.
Vietcong: the guerrilla soldiers of the communist
faction in Vietnam, also knonw as the national liberation front
17.
Vietnam War/Gulf of Tonkin Resolution/Operation
Rolling Thunder/hawks and doves
a.
Vietnam War: a prolonged war (1954-1975) between
the communist armies of north Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the
non-communist armies of south Vietnam who were supported by the united states.
b.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: a joint resolution of
the U.S. congress passed on august 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval
engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident. it is of historical
significance because it gave U.S. president Lyndon b. Johnson authorization,
without a formal declaration of war by congress, for the use of military force
in southeast Asia
c.
Operation Rolling Thunder: a strategy of
gradually intensified bombing of North Vietnam began in February 1965. less
than a month later, Johnson ordered the first us combat troops to south
Vietnam, and in July he shifted us troops from defensive to offensive
operations, dispatching 50,000 more soldiers. supposed to weaken enemy's
ability and will to fight
d.
Hawks and doves: nicknames for the two opposing
positions in American policy during the war in Vietnam. hawks supported the
escalation of the war and a "peace with honor." doves argued that the
us had wrongly intervened in a civil war and should withdraw its troops
Questions
1.
What occurred during the Cuban Missile Crisis
and how was the crisis resolved?
a.
In mid-October, US discovered that the USSR had
installed IRBMs (missiles) in Cuba that could reach America. Kennedy responded
by demanding the removal of the missiles. (he feared unchecked Soviet power in
Western hemisphere, smarting over Bay of Pigs, and felt his credibility was at
stake) Kennedy responded by threatening quarantine to Cuba with naval blockade.
This event was the closest to nuclear war. Later on Khrushchev sent message
that he would remove the missiles if Kennedy would promise to never invade
Cuba. Kennedy agreed and later on, Kennedy removed missiles from Turkey. Irony
was that the Soviet were ready with nukes and if Kennedy had listened to
advisors and attacked, the utter destruction would have reigned.
2.
How was Martin Luther King’s tactics for
fighting for equality different from the teachings of Malcolm X and the Black
Power movement?
a.
Martin Luther King Jr. believed in civil
disobedience and staging sit-ins and allowing the police to be violent, but not
being violent himself. He would lead marches, like the March to Washington
support nonviolence, integration, and alliances with liberals. Malcolm X and
followers thought this strategy was “too little and too late” He wanted Blacks to proud of their blackness
and roots and to separate themselves from the whites. He stated that blacks
needed to get their rights by any means necessary, saying that “if ballots
don’t work, bullets will. Malcolm had a violent approach, while Luther had a
non violent approach. Both had their message spread after they were
assassinated.
3.
Describe at least three programs of LBJ’s Great
Society programs. What was the overall aim of these programs?
a.
The Civilian Rights Act bans discrimination in
public locations and federal programs. It also increased federal power to
protect voting rights and desegregation in schools. Economic Opportunity Act
authorized $1 billion for war on poverty and created programs like Head Start,
Upward Bound, VISTA, and Job Corps. The Omnibus Housing Act appropriated nearly
$8 billion for low-and middle-income housing and for rent supplements for
low-income families. All of these acts were part of LBJ’s Great Society
programs meant to be democratic reform to help the poor, the women and the
elderly.
4.
How did Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
influence the Women’s Rights Movement? What did the National Organization for
Women (NOW) do?
a.
Betty Friedan’s the Feminine Mystique touched
the hearts of middle class women all over the country. They realized that they
were not alone in believing that life is not just taking care of the household.
Lead to women forming Liberation groups and fighting for equality in all
things. Throwing away heels and such that degraded them. They were hung go
about their rights.
Major Decisions of the Warren Court
1954
·
Brown
v. Board of Education of
Topeka rejects the separate-but-equal concept and outlaws segregation in
public education.
1957
·
Watkins
v. U.S. restricts
Congress’s investigatory power to matters directly pertinent to pending
legislation.
·
Yates
v. U.S. limits
prosecutions under the Smith Act to the advocacy of concrete revolutionary action
and disallows prosecutions for the preaching of revolutionary doctrine.
1962
·
Baker
v. Carr holds that
the federal courts possess jurisdiction over state apportionment systems to
ensure that the votes of all citizens carry equal weight.
·
Engel
v. Vitale prohibits
prayer in the public schools.
1963
·
Abington
v. Schempp bans Bible
reading in the public schools.
·
Gideon
v. Wainwright requires
states to provide attorneys at public expense for indigent defendants in felony
cases.
·
Jacobellis
v. Ohio extends constitutional
protection to all sexually explicit material that has any “literary or
scientific or artistic value.”
1964
·
New
York Times Co. v. Sullivan
expands the constitutional protection of the press against libel suits by
public figures.
·
Wesberry
v. Sanders and Reynolds
v. Sims hold that the only standard of apportionment for state
legislatures and congressional districts is “one man, one vote.”
1966
·
Miranda
v. Arizona requires
police to advise a suspect of his or her constitutional right to remain silent
and to have a counsel present during interrogation.
1967
·
Loving
v. Virginia strikes
down state antimiscegenation laws, which prohibit marriage between persons of
different races.
1968
·
Katzenbach
v. Morgan upholds
federal legislation outlawing state requirements that a prospective voter must
demonstrate literacy in English.
·
Green
v. County School Board of
New Kent County extends the Brown ruling to require the assignment
of pupils on the basis of race, to end segregation.
Major Great
Society Programs
1964
·
Tax
Reduction Act cuts by some $10 billion the taxes paid primarily by corporations
and wealthy individuals.
·
Civil
Rights Act bans discrimination in public accommodations, prohibits
discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlaws discrimination in
most employment, and enlarges federal powers to protect voting rights and to
speed school desegregation.
·
Economic
Opportunity Act authorizes $1 billion for a War on Poverty and establishes the
Office of Economic Opportunity to coordinate Head Start, Upward Bound, VISTA,
the Job Corps, and similar programs.
1965
·
Elementary
and Secondary Education Act, the first general federal-aid-to-education law in
American history, provides more than $1 billion to public and parochial schools
for textbooks, library materials, and special education programs.
·
Voting
Rights Act suspends literacy tests and empowers “federal examiners” to register
qualified voters in the South.
·
Medical
Care Act creates a federally funded program of hospital and medical insurance
for the elderly (Medicare) and authorizes federal funds to the states to
provide free health care for welfare recipients (Medicaid).
·
Omnibus
Housing Act appropriates nearly $8 billion for low-and middle-income housing
and for rent supplements for low-income families.
·
Immigration
Act ends the discriminatory system of national-origins quotas established in
1924.
·
Appalachian
Regional Development Act targets $1 billion for highway construction, health
centers, and resource development in the depressed areas of Appalachia.
·
Higher
Education Act appropriates $650 million for scholarships and low-interest loans
to needy college students and for funds for college libraries and research
facilities.
·
National
Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities are created to promote artistic and
cultural development.
1966
·
Demonstration
Cities and Metropolitan Development Act provides extensive subsidies for
housing, recreational facilities, welfare, and mass transit to selected “model
cities” and covers up to 80 percent of the costs of slum clearance and
rehabilitation.
·
Motor
Vehicle Safety Act sets federal safety standards for the auto industry and a
uniform grading system for tire manufacturers.
·
Truth in
Packaging Act broadens federal controls over the labeling and packaging of foods,
drugs, cosmetics, and household supplies.
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