APUSH:
Chapter 16 Identifications
1.
13th
Amendment
a.
Abolition of slavery
b.
Section 1. Neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
c.
Section 2. Congress
shall have power to enforce these article by appropriate legislation.
2.
14th
Amendment (Why did some abolitionists oppose it)
a.
the
most complicated and the one that has had the more unforeseen effects. Its
broad goal was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act passed in 1866 would remain
valid ensuring that "all persons born in the United States...excluding
Indians not taxed...." were citizens and were to be given "full and
equal benefit of all laws." (Quotes from the Civil Rights Act of 1866)
However, it went beyond the provisions of the Civil Rights Act in many ways.
b.
Key
Clauses of the 14th Amendment
c.
Four
principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were:
i.
State
and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or
naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed.
ii.
No
state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of
citizens.
iii.
No
person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
"due process of law."
iv.
No
person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."
d.
Over
time, numerous lawsuits have arisen that have referenced the 14th amendment.
The fact that the amendment uses the word state in the Privileges and
Immunities clause along with interpretation of the Due Process Clause has meant
that state as well as federal power is subject to the Bill of Rights. Further,
the courts have interpretated the word "person" to include
corporations. Therefore, they too are protected by "due process"
along with being granted "equal protection."
3.
15th
Amendment (Why did some women oppose it)
a.
Black suffrage
b. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
c. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
d. February 3, 1870.
4.
Radical
Reconstruction Plan/Wade Davis Bill
- After at least half the eligible
took an oath of allegiance to the Union, delegates could be elected to a
state convention that would repeal secession and abolish slavery. To
qualify as a voter or delegate, a southerner would have to take another
oath of allegiance, swearing he had never voluntarily supported the
Confederacy; did not provide for black suffrage, a measure then supported
by some radicals.
i.
Lincoln
pocket-vetoed the Wade-Davis bill (that’s is, he failed to sign the bill
within ten days of adjournment of Congress.
1.
Senator
Benjamin Wade and Congressman Henry Winter Davis were outraged.
5.
Abraham
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
- Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction, which outlined the path by which each southern state
could rejoin the Union.
- A minority of voters (equal to at
least 10 percent of those who had voted in the election of 1860) would
have to take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept emancipation.
i.
Then
this minority could create a loyal state government.
ii.
Lincoln’s
plan excluded some southerners from taking oath: Confederate government
officials, army and naval officers, as well as those military officers who had
resigned from Congress or from U.S. commissions in 1861.
1.
All
such people would have to apply for presidential pardons.
2.
Also
excluded, of course, were blacks, who had not been voters in 1860.
iii.
Radical
Republicans in Congress, however, envisioned a slower readmission process.
6.
Andrew
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
- In two proclamations the president
explained how seven southern states still without reconstruction
governments—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Texas—could return to the Union.
i.
Johnson
required whites to take an oath of allegiance to the Union
1.
After
which they could set up new state govts.
a.
These
had to proclaim secession illegal,
repudiate Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment (abolished slavery)
ii.
Whites
who had held high office under the Confederacy and all those with taxable
property of $20,000 or more could NOT vote or hold office
1.
They
had to apply for and receive a special pardon from the Pres.
- During the summer of 1865
i.
Johnson
undermined his own policy of excluding
planters from leadership by handing out pardons to them wholesale
- The new govts. created under
Johnson’s plan were soon dominated by former Confederate leaders and
large landowners
i.
Some
states refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.
7.
Congressional
Reconstruction
i.
the
Reconstruction Act of 1867 invalidated the state governments formed under the
Lincoln and Johnson plans.
1.
Only
Tennessee, which ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and had been readmitted to
the Union, escaped further reconstruction.
2.
The
law divided the other ten former Confederate states into five temporary
military districts, each run by a Union general.
3.
Voters—all
black men, plus those white men who had not been disqualified by the 14th
Amendment—could elect delegates to a state convention that would write a new
state constitution granting black suffrage.
4.
Once
the state legislature ratified the 14th Amendment, and once it
became part of the Federal Constitution, Congress would readmit that the state
into the Union.
5.
This
act was far more radical than the Johnson program because it enfranchised
blacks and disfranchised ex-confederates.
6.
It
did not go as far as the Radicals wanted
–
It
failed to confiscate southern land and redistribute it to blacks and poor
whites
ii.
Johnson
dragged his feet in enforcing congressional Reconstruction
b.
8.
Scalawags
a.
White southerners who supported the
Republicans
b.
Predominantly poor and ignorant
whites, which sought to profit from the Republican rule.
c.
Included some entrepreneurs who
applauded party policies such as the national banking system and high
protective tariffs;
d.
As well as some prosperous planters,
former Whigs who opposed secession.
9.
Carpetbaggers
a.
Northerners
b.
Allegedly came to the south seeking
wealth and power (with so few possessions that they could be stuffed into
traveling bags made of carpet material)
c.
Included many former Union generals
who hoped to buy land, open factories, build railroads, or simply enjoy warmer
climates.
10.
Ku
Klux Klan
- Six young Confederate veterans in
Tennessee formed a social club, the Ku Klux Klan, distinguished by
elaborate rituals, hooded costumes, and secret passwords.
i.
Klan
dens spread throughout the state.
ii.
The
Klan sought to suppress black voting and reestablish white voting.
1.
The
“invisible empire” burned black owned buildings and flogged and murdered
freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights.
11.
Nathan
Bedford Forrest
a.
Prominent
ex-Confederates General
b.
Leader
of the 1864 Fort Pillow massacre, in which Confederate troops who captured a
Union garrison in Tennessee murdered black soldiers after they had surrendered.
c.
A
KKK member
12.
Sharecropping
Tenant Farming/Crop Lien
1.
White landowners forced freed blacks
into signing contracts to work the fields.
a.
These contracts set the terms that
nearly bound the signer to permanent and unrestricted labor.
i.
Slavery by another name.
2.
White landowners adopted a system of tenancy
and sharecropping.
a.
The landlord provided seed and other
needed farm supplies in return for a share (usually half) of the harvest.
a.
Essentially sharecroppers remained either
dependent on the landowners or in debt to local merchants
13.
“Mississippi
Plan”
a.
To
stop black voting
b.
Local
Democratic clubs in Mississippi armed their members, who dispersed Republican
meetings, patrolled voter-registration places, and marched through black areas.
“The Republicans are paralyzed through fear and will not act,”
14. The
“redeemers”/ Redemption
a.
The
word Democrats used to describe their return to power, introduced sweeping
changes.
b.
Some
states called constitutional conventions to reverse Republican policies. All
cut back expenses, wiped out social programs, lowered taxes, and revised their
tax systems to relieve landowners of large burdens.
c.
State
courts limited the rights of tenants and sharecroppers. Most important, the
Democrats, or “redeemers,” used the law to ensure a stable black labor force.
Legislatures restored vagrancy laws, revised crop-lien statutes to make landowners’
claims superior to those of merchants, and rewrote criminal law.
d.
Local
ordinances in heavily black counties often restricted hunting, fishing, gun
carrying, and ownership of dogs and thereby curtailed the everyday activities
of freedmen who lived off the land. States passed severe laws against
trespassing and theft; stealing livestock or wrongly taking part of a crop became
grand larceny with a penalty of up to five years at hard labor.
e.
By
the end of Reconstruction, a large black convict work force had been leased out
to private contractors at low rates.
15.
Exodusters
a.
Blacks
left in mass departure
b. In
the late 1870s, as the political climate grew more oppressive, an “exodus”
movement spread through Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, and Louisiana.
c. Some
African-Americans decided to become homesteaders in Kansas. After a major
outbreak of “Kansas fever” in 1879, four thousand “exodusters” from Mississippi
and Louisiana joined about ten thousand who had reached Kansas earlier in the
decade.
d. But
the vast majority of freedmen, devoid of resources, had no migration options or
escape route.
e.
Mass movement of southern blacks to the North
and Midwest would not gain momentum until the twentieth century
16.
Hayes
Election/Compromise of 1877
i.
Republicans=Rutherford Hayes
ii.
Democrats=Samuel Tilden
a. Tilden
won the popular vote But because of fraud and intimidation at the polls, the
electoral votes in 4 states were disputed, so Hayes won.
b. The
Democrats refused to accept the finding until a compromise deal was worked out
by Southern Democrats and Republican supporters of Hayes
c. In
exchange for southern acceptance of Hayes as president, the Republicans
promised:
1.) to let Democrats
take over the last Republican Reconstruction govts. in LA and SC
2.) to remove the
remaining troops from the South
3.) to give more
federal patronage to southern Democrats
4.) to provide federal
aid for building railroads and for other internal improvements in the South
d. This
so-called Compromise of 1877 struck the final blow to Radical Reconstruction
e.
Also
it ended all federal protection for the freedmen
17.
Freedman’s
Bureau
- Established in 1865
- Headed by former general O. O.
Howard and staffed mainly by army officers, provided relief, rations, and
medical care.
- Built schools for the freed
blacks, put them to work on abandoned or confiscated lands, and tried to
protect their rights.
- Congress gave the bureau’s life
three years and gave it new power: military courts to settle labor
disputes and could invalidate labor contracts forced on freedman by the
black codes.
- Johnson vetoed the bill,
declaring, the constitution did not sanction military trials of civilians
in peacetime, nor did it support a system to care for “indigent persons.”
- Congress enacted the Supplementary
Freedman’s Bureau Act over Johnson’s veto.
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